Human papillomavirus is primarily transmitted through sexual activity. Certain strains of HPV are associated with the development of genital warts, while others are known to increase the risk of various cancers. The body's immune system can usually identify and eliminate HPV infections. However, if the virus persists over an extended period, it can potentially lead to the development of cancerous cells. Therefore, HPV vaccination against HPV is considered a key preventive measure for reducing the risk of cancer in both men and women. Here's what you need to know about the HPV vaccine.

How Does HPV Stand as a Key to Cervical Cancer?

Did you know that there were 604,000 new cases and 342,000 deaths due to cervical cancer in 2020? The HPV vaccine stands as the cornerstone of cervical cancer prevention by targeting high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) strains. 

By immunising against HPV, particularly types 16 and 18, responsible for most cervical cancer cases, the vaccine significantly reduces infection rates and prevents cervical abnormalities. Here's the important points  how HPV stands as a key to cervical cancer prevention:

1. Primary Cause: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the primary cause of cervical cancer, with certain high-risk HPV types, particularly HPV 16 and 18, responsible for the majority of cases.

2. Transmission: HPV is primarily transmitted through sexual contact, making it one of the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide.

3. Link to Cervical Cancer: Persistent infection with high-risk HPV types can lead to changes in cervical cells, increasing the risk of cervical cancer development over time.

4. Preventive Role of HPV Vaccine: The HPV vaccine effectively prevents infection with high-risk HPV types, thus significantly reducing the risk of cervical cancer and other HPV-related diseases.

5. Efficacy: Clinical trials have demonstrated the high efficacy of the HPV vaccine in preventing HPV infection and cervical abnormalities, offering long-term protection against cervical cancer.

Cervical Cancer Vaccine

The cervical cancer vaccine, also known as the HPV vaccine, is a highly effective preventive measure against certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections, which are the primary cause of cervical cancer. Here are some key points about the cervical cancer vaccine:

1. Purpose: The HPV vaccine is designed to protect against infection with HPV, specifically types 16 and 18, which are responsible for approximately 70% of cervical cancer cases worldwide. It also helps prevent infections with other high-risk HPV types that can cause genital warts and various cancers, including cancers of the vulva, vagina, penis, anus, and oropharynx.

2. Types of HPV Vaccines: There are several HPV vaccines available globally, including Gardasil, Gardasil 9, and Cervavac. Gardasil and Cervavac protect against HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18, while Gardabil 9 protects against HPV 16, 18, 6, 11, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58. Cervarix is no longer available.

3. Recommended Age for Vaccination: The HPV vaccine is most effective when administered before exposure to HPV through sexual activity. Therefore, it is recommended for adolescents and young adults, typically between the ages of 9 and 26. The vaccine is usually administered as a series of two or three doses, depending on the age at which the vaccination series is initiated.

4. Efficacy and Safety: Clinical trials have demonstrated that the HPV vaccine is highly effective in preventing HPV infection and associated diseases, including cervical cancer. The vaccines have undergone rigorous testing for safety and have been shown to have a favourable safety profile.

5. Impact on Cervical Cancer Rates: Since the introduction of the HPV vaccine, many countries have observed a significant decline in the prevalence of HPV infections and related diseases, including cervical precancers and cervical cancer. Vaccination programs have the potential to substantially reduce the incidence of cervical cancer in future generations.

Pap Screening Test

The pap screening test, also known as Pap smear or Pap test, is a routine cervical cancer screening method designed to detect abnormal cells in the cervix before they develop into cancer. Here's an overview of the Pap screening test:

1. Purpose: The primary purpose of the Pap screening test is to detect precancerous or abnormal cells on the cervix early, allowing for timely intervention and treatment to prevent the development of cervical cancer.

2. Procedure: During a Pap smear, a healthcare provider gently scrapes cells from the cervix using a small brush or spatula. The collected cells are then transferred onto a glass slide or preserved in a liquid medium for laboratory analysis. It is an OPs procedure & causes no to minimal discomfort.

3. Frequency: The frequency of Pap screening varies based on individual risk factors, age, and previous Pap smear results. In general, guidelines recommend starting Pap screening at age 21 and repeating every three years for individuals aged 21 to 29 with normal results. From ages 30 to 65, Pap testing can be done alone every three years or combined with HPV testing every five years (co-testing).

4. Preparation: To ensure accurate results, individuals undergoing a Pap smear are advised to avoid intercourse, douching, vaginal medications, or using tampons for at least two days before the test. It's best to schedule the Pap smear when you are not menstruating.

5. Interpretation of Results: The results of a Pap smear are typically reported as normal, abnormal, or unclear (equivocal). Normal results indicate no evidence of abnormal cervical cells. Abnormal results may indicate the presence of precancerous or cancerous cells, prompting further evaluation and possible treatment.

Cervical Cancer Prevention

Cervical cancer prevention focuses on early detection and intervention strategies to reduce the incidence and mortality rates associated with the disease. Here's a concise overview in points:

1. HPV Vaccination: Immunisation against high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types, particularly HPV 16 and 18, through HPV vaccination significantly reduces the risk of cervical cancer.

2. Regular Pap Smears: Undergoing routine Pap screening tests helps detect abnormal cervical cells early, allowing for prompt treatment and prevention of cervical cancer.

3. HPV Testing: Co-testing with HPV testing and Pap smears improves detection of high-risk HPV infections and abnormal cervical cells, enhancing cervical cancer prevention efforts.

4. Safe Sexual Practices: Practising safe sex, including consistent condom use and limiting sexual partners, reduces the risk of HPV transmission and cervical cancer development.

5. Smoking Cessation: Quitting smoking reduces the risk of cervical cancer, as smoking increases the likelihood of HPV infection and progression to cervical cancer.

Final Words

Prioritising cervical cancer prevention through HPV vaccination, regular screenings like Pap smears, safe sexual practices, and health education empowers women to take charge of their health. By adopting these proactive measures, we can significantly reduce cervical cancer incidence and save lives worldwide. 

If you or someone you know notice any signs of cervical cancer, consult an expert oncologist at a tertiary-care hospital today!