Colorectal cancer, also known as colon or bowel cancer, forms in the colon or rectum; that's why it's called Colorectal, the combination of both. It happens when there is an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells. It's known as the third most common cancer worldwide. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), the global growth of rectal cancer will increase by 56% between 2020 - 2040. Colorectal disease is common in people over the age of 50 and in those with a family history of colorectal cancer. Rectal cancer is treatable when diagnosed early, with a five-year colon cancer survival rate of over 90%. 

 

This blog talks about colorectal cancer, which can help people understand the importance of early detection and overcome misconceptions.

 

Some causes and risk factors of colorectal cancer include:

 

Causes: 

 

The actual cause of rectal cancer is unknown. Still, it's said that it develops when healthy cells in the lining of the colon or rectum develop changes in their DNA which can cause the cells to grow and divide uncontrollably and form a tumour. With time, the tumour can grow and spread to other body parts if not treated immediately.

 

Risk Factors:

 

Several factors can be the cause of developing colorectal cancer, and these are: 

 

• Age: colorectal cancer is most common in people over the age of 50 years.

 

• Family History: family histories or genetic conditions like Lynch Syndrome or familial adenomatous polyposis can play an essential role in developing colorectal cancer in people. 

 

• Personal History: people who have any past background of colorectal cancer and polyps are at high risk of developing the condition again 

 

• Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Inflammatory Bowel diseases in people, such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis, are at high risk of developing this disease.

 

• Lifestyle Factors: High diet of red or processed meat, a lack of physical activity, obesity, smoking, and high alcohol consumption can cause colorectal cancer. 

 

• Race and Ethnicity: Colorectal cancer is more common in some ethnic groups, including African Americans, Ashkenazi Jews, and Alaska Natives.

 

If you have any concerns or questions about your risk of developing colorectal cancer, it's essential to talk to your consultant.

 

Symptoms and Diagnosis for colorectal cancer

 

Symptoms:

 

Colorectal cancer may not show symptoms in its early stages, which is why regular screening is essential. However, some common symptoms may occur after some time, including: 

 

• Diarrhoea or constipation
• Abdominal pain 
• Weakness or fatigue 
• Weight loss
• Narrow stools 
• Rectal bleeding or blood in the stool 
• lump in the abdomen
• A sense of the bowel is not fully cleared 

 

Diagnosis:

 

Colorectal cancer is diagnosed through various tests, which include: 

 

• Faecal occult blood test 
• Colonoscopy 
• Stool DNA test 
• Flexible Sigmoidoscopy
• Double-contrast barium enema 

 

Treatment Options

 

Colorectal cancer treatment depends on various factors, including cancer stage, location, and whether other parts are affected by this condition. Options may include: 

 

• Surgery: the most expected colon cancer treatment is surgery which depends on the stage of cancer that involves removing all parts of the colon and rectum. 

 

• Radiation therapy: This colorectal cancer treatment involves using high-energy X-rays to destroy cancer cells throughout the body. Radiation therapy can be used before and after the surgery or in combination with chemotherapy.

 

• Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy involves using drugs to kill cancer cells throughout the body.

 

• Targeted therapy: This rectal cancer treatment involves using drugs that target specific molecules that cause the growth and spread of cancer cells.

 

• Immunotherapy: This treatment uses the body's immune system to fight cancer. It is used in cases of advanced colorectal cancer. 

 

• Palliative care: Palliative care focuses on reducing the symptoms of rectal cancer and enhancing the quality of life for people with advanced cancer.

 

Treatment for colorectal cancer is often a mixture of additional therapies, and the specific treatment plan will depend on each case. 

 

Prevention and Healthy Lifestyle Choices

 

Some prevention and healthy lifestyle options that can decrease the chance of developing colorectal cancer are:

 

• Get regular screenings: Screening can catch precancerous polyps and early-stage cancer, which makes it easier to treat and diagnose.

 

• Maintain a Healthy Weight: Being overweight or obese can increase the risk of developing colorectal cancer.

 

• Follow a healthy diet: fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and low in red and processed meats, saturated fats, and added sugars may decrease the risk of developing colorectal cancer.

 

• Exercise regularly: Routine physical activity can help decrease the chance of developing colorectal cancer.

 

• Don't smoke: Smoking is known as the most common cause of developing cancer, including colorectal cancer. By quitting smoking you can reduce the risk of developing colon cancer.

 

• Limit alcohol consumption: Drinking alcohol on limit may not increase the cause of developing colorectal cancer, but heavy consumption can increase the risk. 

 

• Manage other health conditions: Specific health conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease, can increase the risk of developing colorectal cancer. Managing these conditions via regular medical care can help reduce the risk.

 

These healthy lifestyle options can reduce the risk of developing colorectal cancer and other health problems in people. 

 

Conclusion

 

Colorectal cancer is a severe and potentially life-threatening disease, but it is successfully managed with early detection and treatment. It's essential to be aware of the risk factors, symptoms, and screening guidelines for rectal cancer and to take steps to reduce your risk through healthy lifestyle choices. If you or someone you know is at risk for colorectal cancer or is experiencing symptoms, it's essential to seek help and support from a healthcare provider. GI Oncology and  Dr. Anand Prakash are trained to provide specialized care for individuals with colorectal cancer and can provide screening, Diagnosis, and treatment options.